This document was compiled and is copyright (2001) by Robert J. Budzynski.
This is a completely unofficial FAQ list for the Pike programming language, an interpreted (in its current implementation), object-oriented language created by Fredrik H�binette and made available under the GNU General Public License by Roxen Internet Software (of Sweden), which sponsors its development. This document is unofficial in the sense that its editor has no relationship, business or other, with Roxen Internet Software (RIS) nor with its staff, it has not been reviewed nor approved by RIS and does not comprise part of Pike nor of documentation authored at and provided by RIS. While it is my intent to provide accurate and up to date information, there is no warranty: this document is a volunteer effort, and a work in progress, and it may well fall out of sync with the development of Pike due to limitations of time and knowledge on my part.
Permission is hereby granted to copy and redistribute this document in whole or in part by any means, provided that its origins are not misrepresented.
This is a work in progress. You are viewing a severely incomplete, early version. When this document becomes a little more complete and (hopefully) useful, the above notice will be made more precise, though it will not change as to intent. All contributions, new questions as well as new or improved answers, are very much welcome, and will be given due credit.
I will try to keep this information up to date for the current "stable" Pike branch (7.2 at the time of this writing); most of it applies as well to 7.0.x. With 0.6x (provided with Roxen 1.3), you're pretty much on your own, look up the docs appropriate to that version.
Pike is an object-oriented, interpreted programming language with a syntax similar to Java and C, high-level data types, automatic memory management, highly efficient string handling, easy to use APIs for network and database programming, and several years of active development behind it. In the current implementation, Pike code is compiled at runtime to bytecode which is interpreted by a virtual machine. Pike's implementation is heavily optimized, and both the language and its libraries are under continuing development; its performance compares favorably to all scripting languages on the market.
Pike is best supported on Solaris and Linux, but it runs on a wide variety of Unix or Unix-like operating systems. With some limitations (hearsay as far as this author is concerned) it can also be made to work on Windows NT (Win32). Work appears to be under way on supporting Win64 as well.
Pike is great for mostly any programming task, but is at its best when you are able to make good use of its high-level datatypes and good string-processing and network I/O facilities. It is probably not optimal for low-level stuff, especially involving much bit-twiddling and byte-by-byte processing. I haven't heard of many device drivers written in Pike ;-)
A somewhat subjective overview:
PROS
Yes, and quite a bit more:
Image module supports a wide variety of
operations on raster graphics in all common image
formats;Gz module gives you access to zlib data
(de)compression;Calendar module provides a
sophisticated set of classes and methods for datetime
calculations;The major Pike application is Roxen Internet Software's Roxen Web Server (GPL), and its proprietary extensions marketed under the name Roxen Platform. For more info, see their website. Roxen is implemented almost entirely in Pike, and is remarkably efficient and stable. It is also highly extensible, via user-supplied modules written in Pike. In fact, most of the Pike programming being done outside of RIS is probably in-house development of Roxen modules by the webserver's users.
Another major project is Caudium, a fork of Roxen based on a version currently being phased out by RIS, but with significant new developments.
One project I don't know much about is GIME; they state they will be doing their development in Pike, but no new "What's New" items seem to have appeared on their website for quite a while.
Pike is, however, as I try to argue here, suitable for much more than a webserver extension language, and one of the top purposes of this document is to alert more programmers to its advantages.
Some sample code can be found on the Pike Community website; beware that many of the "hacks" are quite old and will not work under current versions of Pike without modification. Unfortunately, RIS is phasing out this website, and it has ceased to be updated for some time now. Hopefully, whatever is useful of its content will be incorporated into the Roxen Community site.
If you decide you are serious about learning and using Pike, you most certainly want to get a recent version from RIS's public CVS repository. This isn't hard to do at all; if you don't have a CVS client on your system yet, and you are running any halfway-decent Linux distribution, just install CVS from your distribution's packages (they all provide it). I'm certain it's just as easy with any of the free BSD's. Check on Roxen Community for how to proceed from there. If you have a decent net connection, the whole process won't take more than a few minutes, plus the time to build Pike from source (half an hour or so on today's machines).
Building Pike from source is quite straightforward in most
cases: note that to benefit from most of the modules that
interface with external C code, you need to have installed the
development versions of the corresponding C libs
(such as libmysqlclient, GTK, the Gnome libs,
etc.).
The benefits of doing this are that you'll be sure you have an up to date Pike, including all current bugfixes and feature enhancements; compiling it from source will allow you to have support for those C libraries (and their versions) that are available on your system, which Pike can support.
A possible downside is that, since Pike's development is proceeding at a rather fast rate, if you stick to the bleeding edge you will surely sooner or later run into some incompatibilities that will break code you already wrote. A safer compromise may be to stick to the "stable" branch of Pike (7.2 at the time of this writing), but update it regularly to benefit from bugfixes.
Of course, the branch in current development (7.3 nowadays) is also available for your perusal, should you feel adventurous.
A slightly easier alternative is to install Pike from your
Linux distribution. If you are running Debian Gnu/Linux (as
you should be ;-), Pike and Roxen are available in the main
section (and are only an apt-get away);
however, it may be worthwhile to check out Caudium's website for more up
to date Pike packages, including extra modules developed by
the Caudium Group and an apt'able repository of deb's.
From Martin Nilsson:
You can download pike for Win32 by downloading Roxen
Webserver for Win32. It does not include GL, GTK and some of
the "heavy" stuff that would add too much to the size of the
WebServer distributions. We have at least once succeded in
compiling pike on all the systems listed on
this Roxen Community page.
UPDATE: the latest stable source tarball of Pike should be at ftp://ftp.roxen.com/pub/pike/latest-stable/, last I looked this was version 7.2.239, and binary packages for RedHat Linux, Solaris and NT were there as well.
No, currently there is none. However, Pike is so much
easier and cleaner then many other languages that the only
thing you are likely to miss is a class browser to ease the
exploration of the many available (and somewhat poorly
documented) library modules. Pike's interactive mode (known
as Hilfe, and launched by invoking pike with no
filename arguments), is very helpful though (see below).
For editing Pike code with syntax highlighting you might
use the pike.el module for (X)Emacs, which is
provided in the Pike distribution.
Not anytime soon. However, to quote the
ANNOUNCE file from the current distribution:
Pike is still under development and the goal is to incorporate those in future versions.
- No Pike native compiler or debugger available
Read whatever you like into this...
However, if performance is your concern, you are likely to find that interpreted Pike performs well enough for most of your needs. The overhead of runtime bytecode compilation usually matters only for medium to large sized programs that need to be launched often; for short scripts, startup time is negligible, while for a long-running application (such as a webserver) it's unimportant, as you don't need to restart it often.
The Pike homepage at RIS is your main starting point.
To get started, an excellent resource on the "Pike way" is the Pike 7.0 tutorial.
There are several versions of the basic Pike Reference Manual floating around; it is hard to determine which one might be the most up to date at a given time. Places to check are the docs section of the Pike home page, David Hedbor's page of Pike documentation, and of course Fredrik H�binette's Pike page.
You will almost certainly want to subscribe to the Pike mailing list, if you plan any serious development in Pike.
Pike has a powerful and clean type system, which provides you with a variety of high-level data types, plus the benefits of compile and run-time type checking. There are arrays, mappings (a.k.a. associative arrays or dictionaries in other languages), classes, objects, and functions are also a first-class data type.
For a start, variables in Pike must be declared, and some type information must be given in the declaration, e.g.:
int counter=1;
object foo;
object(Stdio.File) outfile;
Stdio.FILE infile;
function(int, string|void: mapping(string:string))
fun;
int|float x;
mixed whatever;
are all valid variable declarations in Pike (
object(Classname) foo; and Classname
foo; are equivalent). Note that
you can declare a variable as a sort of "union"
(e.g.int|float), specify (optionally) argument and
return types for a function, index and value types for a
mapping; declare an object as an instance of a specific
class, etc.
You may also forfeit (most) compile-time type checking by
declaring your variables as mixed, i.e. any type
at all. This is not usually a good idea (although it
works), except when you want to have a sort of function
overloading: you can define functions that check the type of
their arguments at runtime, and take different actions
accordingly.
In more detail: Pike has two sorts of datatypes, the basic
types (int, float, string) and the pointer types
(array, mapping, multiset, function, program,
object). Variables are passed by value in function
calls, but the semantics of this is slightly different
depending on whether you are dealing with a basic or pointer
type: in the latter case, the "value" is in fact a "pointer"
to the actual data object, which is mutable,
i.e. can be modified "in place". For the basic types,
although behind the scenes, they are also represented by
references to complex data objects, these objects themselves
are immutable (this includes strings, which are shared).
This should be explained a little better, and illustrated with one or two examples.
You can also declare named constants, as in
constant PI = 3.141593;
here you do not need to specify a type, since the assigned
value should be available to the interpreter at the time it
compiles your class, meaning it can figure out its type on
its own. Named constants are class members just like
variables and methods, and are also public by
default.
Pike's OO features are quite elegant and user-friendly. Learn to take advantage them to organize your code, you'll soon agree that OOP can really make sense, even for rather small projects. The discussion of Pike OOP in the reference manual is actually quite good and highly recommended; anyway, here's a quick recap.
For a start, every file of Pike code you wrote defines a
class. A class is simply a data object, of type
program to Pike's type system, which you use
as a container for other data objects; these can be
anything at all (that Pike supports), including variables
of both basic and pointer types; other classes too.
Pike actually uses two keywords referring to
classes, in different contexts: the datatype is
program, as already said; and the
class keyword is used when you define a class
inside another one, i.e. you don't have to put each class
definition in a separate file.
In particular, class members can and usually do include functions, which can directly access variables declared at top level of the same class (actually, of any enclosing classes as well), in addition to any arguments that are passed in the function call. But no function definitions (method definitions in OO lingo) are actually required in a class, you can just as well define classes you will use as mere containers for data (like structs or record types in other languages).
Once a class is defined, you can pass it around just like
like any other data type, but you can't yet do anything
useful with the stuff inside it (data members and
methods). To do some work with it, you must first
clone an object of this class (instantiate, for
the more sophisticated). Usually this is done by calling
the class as if it were a function, and storing the return
value in a variable of type object (more
specific typing is usually useful, as discussed
elsewhere). What this does is it initializes all class
variables, and makes the methods available for calling.
You can then access the object's members (up to
limitations imposed by type modifiers, if you cared to use
any), via the indexing operator.
In other words, all member identifiers are by default
public, and are available to any code that
holds a handle to an object cloned from the given class.
In practice, this usually looks somewhat like
Foo bar = Foo(arg1, arg2);
gazonk = bar->gurg(whatever);
bar->crap = zonk();
etc. Here the first line clones an object of class Foo,
passing arg1, arg2 to the class constructor
(more about this in a minute), and stores it in a variable
declared as an object of type Foo; the second
line calls a member function of this object (and stores
the result); and the third stores the return value of some
function call in a member variable of
bar.
To have something interesting happen when an object of
your class is cloned, you must define in it a
constructor, called create(). It
should return void, and can take any
arguments you declare for it; in the function's body, you
can do mostly whatever you please. Your constructor will
be called automatically whenever an object of your class
is cloned. Of course, standard library classes come with
their ready-made constructors.
When you're done with an object and want to get rid of
it, you can just destroy it by calling
destruct(foo);. From there on, all
references to this object (if any) become invalid. If you
need to do some cleanup when an object is destroyed,
define in your class a void destroy() method
-- this is usually necessary only when the object
manipulates some external resources.
TBC
Pike's preprocessor works pretty much the same as a C
preprocessor -- allowing you to use directives such as
#if, #ifdef, #define
and #include in the source code for your Pike
programs. #include <file.h> by default
searches for file.h in Pike's systemwide
include directory; you can find out where that is by
executing pike --show-paths. You will seldom,
if ever, need to use this directive.
NOTE: do not confuse Pike include files with C include files that are also installed by Pike, and that are used when compiling Pike modules written in C.
One thing that makes using the preprocessor in Pike
different is that Pike scripts are compiled at runtime. A
way to exploit this is by using a file of
#defines in lieu of a runtime
config file for your app. This may not be very elegant, but
it's a boon for those who (like me) are too lazy to write a
`real' config file parser.
Some bonus features of Pike's preprocessor:
#! causes the remainder of the line to be
ignored (for compatibility with Unix #!
script magic)
#"Put some string here" extends the string
literal syntax by allowing strings with (real)
newlines#string "file.txt" inserts the contents of
file.txt at the directive's position, as a
(quoted and properly escaped) string literalcpp().#pike
that defines which version of pike you want to
emulate. This should make
your scripts invulnerable to pike updates. Example:
#pike 7.0
// Code that should be run as pike 7.0
#pike 7.2
// Here you came back a year later and
// wanted to use
// a pike 7.2 feature
#pike 7.0
// The rest of the program.
#charset directive that allows
you to specify in what character set the source file is
written; a large number of charsets are supported,
including all the iso8859-*, UTF-8 and Unicode (where
is a list?).The following preprocessor symbols are predefined in Pike 7.0:
__LINE__ Current line number (starts on 1)
__FILE__ Current filename
__DATE__ Current date "MMM dd yyyy"
__TIME__ Current time "hh:mm:ss"
__dumpdef(X) Dump definition of a #define (unreliable)
__PIKE__ 1
__VERSION__ major.minor
__MAJOR__ major
__MINOR__ minor
__BUILD__ build
__AUTO_BIGNUM__ 1 if bignums are enabled.
__NT__ 1 if WIN32/WIN64.
__amigaos__ 1 if AmigaOS.
In Pike 7.2 and 7.3 the following preprocessor symbols were added/changed:
__VERSION__ Current version major.minor (#pike)
__MAJOR__ Current version major (#pike)
__MINOR__ Current version minor (#pike)
__REAL_VERSION__ major.minor
__REAL_MAJOR__ major
__REAL_MINOR__ minor
__REAL_BUILD__ build (Same as __BUILD__ for symmetry)
Thanks to Henrik Grubbstr�m for the above.
On a Unix(-like) system, any Pike script that defines a
main() function can be treated as an executable
file, provided that the first line of the script starts
with
#!/usr/local/bin/pike
or whatever is the full path to the Pike executable installed on your system. This works just like for e.g. shell scripts and many other interpreters. The Pike interpreter will ignore this line. I've heard of Unix systems that don't obey this convention -- I think you can find them somewhere in the Retrocomputing Museum ;-)
One often-used trick is to start a script with a line
#!/usr/bin/env pike
instead of the one above; this works around the requirement
that the exact full path to the Pike executable be given in
the "magic" line, by causing the current value of
PATH to be searched (see the manpage for
env(1)).
Trivia: a few times I tried by mistake to execute a
Pike script that was missing this line. Funny things
happened, like my X display getting strangely messed up. It
turned out that when told to execute an ASCII text file with
no #! magic, my Linux system tries to run it as a
shell (sh) script (or maybe that's a
bash feature). Well, the first nonempty line in
that script was like import "Foo";. Look up the
manpage for import to solve the riddle (it's part
of the ImageMagick suite). Killing the script and typing
xrefresh at the prompt gets things back to
normal.
Yes, it's called `Hilfe'; according to Martin Nilsson,
Hilfe stands for "Hubbes Incremental Lpc FrontEnd". Help in Swedish is "Hj�lp".
(Hilfe happens to be also German for `help', and Pike is a
descendant of the older LPC language); it is launched when
you invoke Pike with no filename arguments. Once in Hilfe,
type `help' for a brief summary of available commands.
Other than those, you can type in mostly any Pike expression
or statement, for immediate evaluation. Input can be
continued across multiple lines, line editing is provided
via the readline library (same as used in
bash), though with a few glitches.
This is correct: a negative return value from
main() tells Pike's master program that it
should enter asynchronous mode, i.e. the event-processing
loop. For this to be useful, you should have first set up
some callouts and/or callbacks. Callouts are functions to
be called in (approximately) a specified time, while
callbacks will be called in response to some external event
(data becoming available on an input stream, button pressed
on a GUI widget, etc.). To learn how to do this,
investigate for a start
Stdio.File.set_nonblocking() and
call_out().
BTW a negative return code is not meaningful in most OS's:
AFAIK the error code returned from a program is
unsigned char (0-255).
The Stdio module.
Classes Stdio.File,
Stdio.FILE.
TBC
The Stdio.File class has easy to use methods
for handling client socket connections, it's about as simple
as
Stdio.File fd = Stdio.File();
fd->connect("pike.roxen.com", 80);
fd->write("GET / HTTP/1.0\r\n\r\n");
string reply = fd->read();
up to error checking etc. of course. To listen on a port,
there's the Stdio.Port class, and there's a
Stdio.UDP for (surprize) UDP communication.
The details are pretty well covered in the documentation.
Not that I know of. It wouldn't probably be hard to emulate most of those features in Pike, but it seems nobody has bothered.
Builtin string functions and operators.
The String module.
The Regexp module.
TBC
Interfaces to these are implemented mostly as builtin Pike
functions, look for them in the mapping returned by
all_constants(). Most of what you may need is
there, e.g. alarm(), chroot(),
getpid(), getpwnam(),
signal(), uname(), ... Of course
some may be missing if you're running Pike on (say) a
MS Windows system.
Yes, if your OS supports it (well enough).
TBC.
If by `database programming' you mean working with an RDBMS (such as Mysql or Oracle), first learn a little about SQL -- that part you won't find here (I might insert a few links sometime).
OK, now that you've done that: Pike has a generic SQL
module, called (appropriately) Sql, which is
the preferred interface. Most of the real work is done by
methods implemented in RDBMS-specific modules, such as
Oracle, Mysql or
Sybase. Which ones you will actually have
support for depends on the (DB-vendor-provided) client
libraries you actually have on your system, as mentioned
elsewhere.
An easy way to initialize a connection to your database is
by cloning an instance of Sql.sql, via a call
such as
object db = Sql.sql("mysql://dbhost", database, user,
password);
or even
object db = Sql.sql("mysql://user:password@dbhost/database");
if you find this more convenient (substitute `oracle' or
whatever for `mysql' if appropriate), and now you can use
methods in db, like
array(mapping(string:string)) reply =
db->query(query_string);
here query_string holds your SQL statement,
and reply will hold the rows of the table
returned by your query, as mappings keyed by column name.
If you expect your query might return a huge amount of
data, consider using the big_query() method
instead, and fetching the result rows one by one from the
object(Sql.result) returned by this method.
Much of the description of the Mysql module to
be found in the Pike reference carries over to the generic
Sql module. Yes, it is a long-standing
deficiency of the reference that it describes
Mysql and not the generic interface. When you
should need DBMS-specific functions not provided by the
generic Sql, they are available as methods of
the object db->master_sql.
NOTE:
you will almost certainly need to use
db->quote() to build your query strings;
this is used for quoting (rather,
escaping) string literals sent in queries to the DB. String
quoting rules are, unfortunately, somewhat
database-specific. Luckily, Sql.sql
automatically picks the version appropriate to your
DBMS.
Remember that before you're sure you got it right, you can always try it in Hilfe and see pretty quickly if anything goes wrong.
If you are not already familiar with the GTK toolkit, look
for a GTK tutorial somewhere around the GTK website. For a
start, just get acquainted with the basic concepts of GTK's
object and event model and have a look at one or two simple
code examples in C. GTK maps very nicely to Pike's model of
objects and callbacks, and you should find it quite easy
to redo those examples in Pike, or create your own. The
basic idea is that you use Pike's own event loop, which is
entered by returning a negative value from
main().
Sometime in the (hopefully) near future I expect to put here a few commented short sample scripts. If you can contribute any of your own, please do.
Check out this article on the Roxen Community site.
Yes, as large as will fit in your computer ;-)
if it was compiled with support for the Gmp library (Gnu
Multiple Precision IIRC). This happens automatically if a
suitable version of this library is detected on your system at
the time of building Pike. Any integer value that is not less
than 0x80000000 (on a 32-bit computer) gets
automatically converted to a bignum object.
Usage of large integers is mostly transparent to the user.
Beware though that the builtin pow() function
returns float, even for integer arguments. Use
Gmp.pow() instead, or write something like
int big = base->pow(exponent);
One might say that, if auto bignums are enabled in your
Pike, integers actually become bignum objects
in disguise, but with optimization for the case when the
int value fits in a machine integer.
NB. bitwise operators also work with bignum ints.
Support for bignum rationals is not provided yet.
Yes, in recent versions of Pike (7.2 for sure) it is a new
basic type. Values of type type are returned
(at least) by the _typeof() function and the
typeof() "special form".
The former allows you to test the actual, runtime type of
an expression. Like any function, _typeof()
first evaluates its argument; typeof(), on the
contrary, does not
-- it is not actually a function but a keyword that
masquerades as a function, and it returns the Pike
interpreter's current notion of the type of what the given
expression would evaluate to, as a value of type
type. I.e. fed with the name of a function it
will return function, or possibly
function(int : void) (or whatever) if such
information is available. Given a function call, it will
return (whatever it knows about) the type of the function's
return value, but the call will not be
performed.
Note however, that type is not (currently) a
keyword, i.e. you cannot declare a variable as type
foo; say. You can store type values in named
constants or variables of type mixed, though.
Well, obviously any class definition provides a user-defined (composite) datatype, and this is a most useful feature; but in addition, new features of Pike's type system (see preceding question) allow you to play some more subtle tricks. A (perhaps silly) example would be (try this code):
constant boolean = typeof(0)|typeof(1);
boolean flag = 1;
int main( int argc, array(string) argv )
{
flag = (argc>1)?(int)argv[1]:flag;
write( "Type of flag is %O\n", typeof(flag) );
write( "Value of flag is %O\n", flag );
return 0;
}
A related point is that (since Pike 7.2.26 approx.) you can
use typedef and enum declarations
in Pike. As far as I can see, their usage and properties
are quite alike those of the corresponding C language
keywords.
Well, Pike has at least
One relevant issue to keep in mind (from Henrik Grubbstr�m):
Note that Pike's typing system uses the "implements"/"looks-like" relation, and not the "inherits"/"is-a" relation. The typing system when comparing objects of different types, compares the types for the public (ie not static) symbols in the objects.
TBC
Not in Pike 7.2. An interface will be or already is provided in 7.3, the current development version. Note that this can be quite handy: since Pike strings are shared and cannot be altered "in place", changing a few bytes here and there in a string will result in multiple copies being allocated at least temporarily, which may be an issue if you're dealing with a huge chunk of data.
Not directly AFAIK. However, unix sockets are used in an indirect way by several modules, when the underlying C libraries use them. Examples include Mysql (connections to a locally running Mysql daemon) and GTK (X protocol connections to a local display).
These are essentially all the modules you will find standard
with Pike 7.2, except for a few I have omitted -- the latter
being either modules for interfacing with the various database
servers (Mysql, Oracle, etc.) which are normally accessed via
Sql, those used internally and not designed for end
user access (I presume that this is indicated by a module name
that starts with an underscore), and several others that are
obviously just stubs. My aim is to have at least a few words of
comments for each, regarding purpose, status and
usefulness. Of course, I do not mean to duplicate the reference
documentation (where it exists), only to provide a quick "hint
sheet".
Readers are invited (read: encouraged) to send in short, self-contained sample scripts illustrating usage of the individual modules. If appropriate, I will incorporate them into a small repository of Pike code samples I plan to set up. To keep me out of trouble, please indicate the origin of the code (if not written by you) and any possible usage restrictions (public domain will be assumed by default).
int CommonLog.read(function(array(int |
string), void | int : void ), object | string, void | int
) to parse the lines in a www server's logfile, which
must be in "common log" format -- such as used by default for
the access log by Roxen, Caudium, Apache et al.({
remote_host, ident_user, auth_user, year, month, day, hours,
minutes, seconds, timezone, method, path, protocol,
reply_code, bytes }), where the date-time fields, the
reply code (i.e. 200, 404, ...) and bytes (sent in reply) are
integers and the rest are strings (or zero if unavailable).
Method will be one of "GET", "POST", "HEAD" etc.,
protocol is "HTTP/1.0", "HTTP/1.1",...Stdio.File
object corresponding to a file open for reading. Optionally
you may also provide an (int) offset at which you want to
start reading the file.CommonLog.read is quite fast, being C-code
tailor-made to read this specific format.In addition to information gathered from the Pike mailing list (thanks to everybody) and misc. other sources, the following people have contributed corrections and/or additional information:
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